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Bone Fracture and Trauma Surgery

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  • Bone Fracture and Trauma Surgery

Bone fracture and trauma surgery is a branch of orthopaedics that focuses on the treatment of broken bones and injuries caused by accidents, falls, sports injuries, or high-energy trauma. The main goal is to restore the normal alignment of bones, stabilize the fracture, relieve pain, and allow proper healing.

Types of Bone Fractures

Common fracture types include:

  • Simple (Closed) Fracture – Bone breaks but skin remains intact.
  • Open (Compound) Fracture – Bone breaks and protrudes through the skin.
  • Comminuted Fracture – Bone breaks into multiple fragments.
  • Spiral Fracture – Caused by twisting forces.
  • Transverse Fracture – Straight horizontal break across the bone.
  • Greenstick Fracture – Partial fracture seen mostly in children.
Causes of Fractures
  • Road traffic accidents
  • Falls or direct trauma
  • Sports injuries
  • Osteoporosis
  • High-energy injuries
Surgical Treatment Methods
  1. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)
    • Bone fragments are repositioned surgically.
    • Stabilized using plates, screws, or rods.
  2. Intramedullary Nailing
    • A metal rod is inserted inside the marrow cavity of long bones such as the femur or tibia.
  3. External Fixation
    • Metal pins inserted into bone and connected to external rods outside the body.
    • Often used in severe open fractures or polytrauma.
  4. Percutaneous Fixation
    • Minimally invasive technique using pins or screws through small incisions.
Goals of Trauma Surgery
  • Restore normal bone alignment
  • Stabilize the fracture
  • Promote bone healing
  • Allow early mobilization
  • Prevent complications such as deformity or stiffness
Recovery and Rehabilitation
  • Immobilization using cast, splint, or fixation devices
  • Physiotherapy to restore movement and muscle strength
  • Healing time usually 6–12 weeks, depending on the bone and injury severity
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Possible Complications
  • Infection
  • Delayed union or non-union
  • Malunion (healing in wrong position)
  • Joint stiffness
  • Nerve or blood vessel injury

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    Modern orthopaedic trauma surgery uses advanced implants and minimally invasive techniques to achieve stable fixation, faster recovery, and improved functional outcomes after bone injuries.